Mr.+Crawfords+Notes+over+French+and+Indian+war+along+with+American+Revolution

French and Indian War and the American Revolution

Civics Class

1. French and Indian War 1. Part of Europe’s “Seven years War” 2. Fought between France and Britain for colonial dominance in North America 3. British tried to rally support at “Albany Congress” 1. Colonies only put half-hearted support into war 2. Albany Congress is where Benjamin Franklin made famous cartoon “Join or Die” with snake 4. French ally themselves with Native American tribes ( not many colonists for French) 5. British with American colonists ( Big Advantage for Britain)

1. Causes of War 1. Conflicting claims in Ohio River Valley 2. Conflicts in Europe 2. War begins in the Ohio Valley 1. Both France and Great Britain held claims to land and trading rights 2. British were aggressive in their desire for new tracts of land 3. The French took offense to this and started to build Forts along the Ohio River 4. Eventually two sides come together in battle – Lt. Col George Washington is first to attack French troops with a small “militia” and establish Fort Necessity 5. Washington eventually surrenders and retreats after the French return in greater numbers 6. War also moves to Europe ( Called Seven years war in Europe) 3. England sends troops led by General Braddock. 1. Braddock marched to Ft. Duquesne in Ohio Valley 2. He and Washington march through endless wilderness and are majorly defeated by the French with support of the Native Americans 1. This encouraged Native American Tribes throughout the frontier to attack British settlers that are close to their lands

4. Britain finally declares War on France 1. British troops ( many who are colonists ) invade French Canada and also assaulted French posts in the West Indies 2. War finally starts to shift when William Pitt (the Great Commander) takes over Britain’s plans for war. 1. New Prime Minister William Pitt 3. Pitt focuses on three objectives 1. Capture of three French Canadian cities ( Louisbourg, Quebec, and Montreal) 2. Louisbourg fell in 1758 3. Quebec fell in 1759 4. Montreal in 1760 4. This gave Britain the Victory in the War. 5. Results of the French and Indian War 1. Treaty of Paris 1763 – 1. English gains all of Canada and all land from Mississippi River East, and Florida 2. Cost = money spent on war ( a debt on Britain)

6. Pontiac –Ottawa Chief 1. Led group of Native Americans on attack on Detroit (Pontiacs Rebellion) 1. Influenced by French traders who were bitter 2. Killed 2,ooo British settlers 3. Captured most all British forts on western frontier 4. Parliament orders Proclamation of 1763 7. Proclamation of 1763 –(control ) 1. Forbade British colonists from settling on native American territory 2. Angers Americans (colonists) who thought they were fighting for their right to expand west of the Appalachians 3. Becomes a Major shock 4. Many chose to ignore Proclamation and move West anyway 5. First issue that would split America and Britain 8. Grenville Plan 1. George Grenville – New Prime Minister of England 1. Plans to get debt of war re-payed by colonists 2. Salutary Neglect 1. Parliament barely acknowledges the colonies as long as they just export cheap raw materials to Britain and import only finished goods from Britain 1. Mercantilism 1. An economic theory that stated nations should amass wealth in order to increase their power. European powers sought new colonies to get cheap resources. Then they shipped those resources back to Europe and converted them to manufactured goods. Then resold those goods to the colonies at high prices. 3. After the French and Indian war and the Seven Years war had concluded, the national debt for Great Britain was over 100 million pounds; hundreds of thousands had been spent on protecting the colonies in America. 4. The Navigation Act—( to build up goods and mass to resell) 1. PM Grenville orders British Navy to start enforcing 2. Parliament had passed the act in 1651 but it had not been strictly enforced 3. Act required colonists to export certain key goods only to Britain 4. European goods bound for the colonies had to be taxed in Britain. 5. Act had existed for 100 years but was never enforced till now. 5. Sugar Act—to restock the treasury 1. Put heavier taxes on Britain subjects especially the colonies 2. Heavy tax placed on sugar, wine, cloth and coffee. 3. This tax was different because: Most taxes were to support British officials, this tax was solely to refill the parliament Treasury 6. Currency Act 1. Removed devalued paper currency 1. Most of this was from French and Indian war period 7. Quartering Act 1. Required residents of some of the colonies to feed and house British soldiers serving in America 2. This outraged colonists who were against taxes and regulations 3. Questions start as to why British soldiers are still in colonies since war is over with French and Pontiac 8. Stamp Act 1. Required certain goods to bear an official stamp showing the owner had paid the tax. 2. Items included : paper goods, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, leaflets, and even playing cards 3. Birth and death certificates and wills 4. Those that failed to pay would punished by vice-admiralty courts without a trial by jury. 5. Was used to help pay for increased British troop presence in the colonies 6. Troops were no longer necessary and colonists feared they were there to control them. 9. Stamp Act Congress 1. Unwilling to accept “virtual representation” colonists protested the new taxes 1. Virtual representation—all members of parliament “ No matter where they were elected” to the colonists this was joke 2. Delegates from 9 colonies met in New York 3. Drafted a plea to King George III and his Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act 4. King George denied the request 10. Declaratory Act --1766 1. Parliament repeals the Stamp Act – this is what the colonies want 2. Parliament also passes their right to govern and “bind” the colonies whenever and however it deemed necessary 3. This was far worse than just the Stamp Act, because Britain could now pass legislation freely without repercussion 4. This intensified the resistance toward Britain and started to become violent 11. Townshend Acts--1767 1. Parliament wastes NO time under Declaratory Act 2. Named after Charles Townshend (works in Parliament) 3. Taxes on glass, paper, lead, paint, and most significant TEA 4. This was indirect tax before it left England 5. Hundreds and thousands of colonists drank tea 6. IMPACT—many shippers started smuggling tea into the colonies as a way to hurt British Merchants. 9. English Regulatory Acts -Britain 1. Proclamation of 1763 --control 2. Navigation Acts –tax/control 3. Quartering Act – control / money 4. Sugar Act – money 5. Stamp Act –Money and control 6. Declaratory Act –Control 7. Townshend Acts –tax 8. “No taxation without Representation” 10. Colonial Resistance to England Laws 1. Stamp Act Congress – non-violent 1. Non-importation agreement –agreed not to buy English products 2. Sons of Liberty 1. Colonial leaders who were MORE aggressive. 2. Leaders of the Patriot movement 1. Patriot—colonists who wanted independence from England 2. Loyalist—Loyal to the King of England 3. Writ of assistance –open search warrant for English officials 3. Erected “liberty poles” to hang images of tax collectors and even tarred and feathered one minor royal official 4. Daughters of Liberty 1. Refused to buy British cloth 2. Homespun cloth became popular 11. Boston Massacre 1. Britain send 4,000 troops to Boston in 1768 ( Boston had only 20,000 residents) 2. Soldiers presence makes matters worse ( Bostonians required to house soldiers) 3. Tensions mount March 5th, 1770 4. When a protesting mob clashes with British regulars, this resulted in 5 deaths of Bostonians. 5. This incident, along with domestic pressures from British Merchants suffering from “nonimportation agreements” convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Act. 6. The tax on Tea remained in place as a matter of principle, this outraged the colonists 12. The Tea Tax 1. This act granted the financially troubled East India Trading Company exclusive rights to export tea to the colonies. 2. This created a Monopoly on the tea 3. The tea was cheaper now but colonists thought Britain was making them except the tax. 13. Boston Tea party 1. The Tea Act is very unpopular, Tea Agents resign or cancel all tea orders and merchants refuse shipments 2. Governor Thomas Hutchinson wants to uphold the law, so he orders three ships arriving in Boston Harbor be allowed to deposit their cargoes and that payment be made for the goods. 3. December 16, 1773 –sixty men (including some Sons of Liberty) dressed as Native Americans float out into the harbor and dump the Tea overboard into the water. 4. Most destructive act thus far by colonists 5. Governor angered by colonists by their disregard for authority leaves for England 14. Intolerable Acts – Coercive Acts (Britain’s name) 1. Boston Port Bill 1. This closed the Boston harbor to all ships until damages were paid to the East India Trading Company. 2. Restricted Public assemblies and suspended civil liberties (King picked Leaders, NO vote) 3. Revived the Quartering Acts and limited town meetings 4. Many neighboring towns send food and supplies to Bostonians because the city had been blockaded 15. The Quebec Act 1. Granted more freedoms to Canadian Catholics and extended Quebec’s territorial claims to meet with the Western edge of the colonies

The American Revolution Begins

1. Rebellion against the Crown 1. Committee of Correspondence 1. Created by Samual Adams in 1772 2. Purpose to exchange letters and pamphlets among members 3. This proved invaluable in uniting the colonists and distributing information and organizing colonial voices against the opposition 2. The First Continental Congress ( Philadelphia) 1774 1. All colonies are present 2. Delegates who attended: Sam Adams, John Adams, Patrick Henry, and George Washington. 3. The delegates met for over two months discussing grievances against England 4. A Declaration of Rights is written and it requests the parliament, King GeorgeIII and the British people to repeal the Coercive Acts. 5. This congress laid the foundation for revolt, but they claimed that Britain had violated the colonists Natural Rights and the principles of the English Constitution 6. Major issue: This made things seem legal: Americans had been stripped of their rights as human beings and Britain was to blame. 7. New Boycott of Britain’s goods to increase even more 8. Committee of Observation and Safety formed 1. Makes sure NO citizen buys British goods 2. Helped raise militias and court systems 9. Helped spread revolutionary ideas and helped smooth transition to democracy 2. The Battle of Lexington and Concord ( 1775) 1. Militia are growing in every city and town 1. Gain new Nickname of” Minuteman “ 1. Minuteman—ability to prepare for combat at the drop of a hat 2. April 19, 1775 - British troops( Gen. Thomas Gage-Brit.) head to Concord, MA to seize an arsenal from colonial militia. 3. British troops are ambushed on the way by Militia men from Lexington 1. Eight Americans die as the British move on to Concord 2. Paul Revere helps keep track of Gage’s troops ( one if by land, two if by sea)when they are coming to Concord. 4. British troops arrive at Concord and are ambushed by their Militia 1. Concord Militia defeats the British Troops 1. This is the “First shot heard around the world” 2. Also used as Positive Propaganda for patriots 2. British retreat to Boston after more than 270 soldiers were killed. 3. This battle encouraged Patriots to double their efforts and also convinced King George III to commit more military to take on the rebellion 4. Thousands of Militia come to Boston and lay siege to Boston and war begins 3. The Second Continental Congress ( a few weeks after battle of Lexington and Concord 1. Leaders from 12 of 13 colonies (Georgia absent)to decide how to handle situation 2. July 1775 – John Dickinson ( Pennsylvania) drafts the “Olive Branch Petition” which professes loyalty to King George III and to call off his troops ( King George III rejects this proposition) 3. Set aside money to organize an army and a small navy 4. Selected George Washington to command the Military around Boston ( Continental Army) 5. Washington was a plantation owner and very highly respected 1. He would help unite the Northern and Southern Colonies 6. Challenge was how to raise and support an army ( Money, equipment, desertion, and No unified Nation) 7. Boston is taken back by Washington when a canon arrives from Ft. Ti 4. Battle of Bunker Hill – Boston (June 1775) 1. English Victory even though they suffered over 1,054 shot with 226 dead 2. English take colonies even more seriously after this battle 3. King George III states that colonies are in a state of rebellion 4. American Morale boost because of British casualties 5. Wm. Prescott takes 1,200 troops up Bunker Hill ( 110 ft tall) so they could fire on British ships in Boston harbor. Eventually moves to Breeds Hill ( Center of Island) which he could cover more area. 6. Wm. Howe (Brit) sends 2,400 troops across harbor to attack 7. “Don’t shoot til you see the whites of their eyes” --American troops had very little gun powder, plus the British troops were exhausted after climbing with 125 pound packs. 8. 5. Ft. Ticonderoga – American Victory 1. Ethan Allen and Green Mt. Boys ( Vermont) 2. Vermont Militia led by Allen and benedict Arnold attack fort after crossing Lake, Fort was weakly defended 3. Seized Cannons ( Mortars and Howitzers) and the Gateway to Canada 6. Thomas Paine 1. Famous colonial writer 2. Propagandist / writer of “Common Sense” 3. “Common Sense” denounced King George III as a tyrant “brute” 4. Persuaded people that were Loyalist and fence sitters to fight for Independence 7. Canadian Invasion ( British Victory) 1. Canada didn’t want to join with the revolution 1. Most were French and separate from England ( across the ocean) 2. Maj. Gen Schuyler leads invasion ( Schuyler would attack Montreal) while Benedict Arnold would attack Quebec. 3. Schuyler’s group included Ethan Allen and the Green mountain boys 4. Weather and conditions are terrible ( November and December) 5. Both Arnold and Montgomery were defeated at Quebec 8. Declaration of Independence - 1776 1. Thomas Jefferson wrote 2. Ben Franklin dictated 3. Richard Lee (VA) made motion for Independence – July 4th, 1776 9. Battle for New York 1. Big Victory for British 2. Gen. Howe ( British) 3. Washington escapes in retreat 10. American Retreat from new York 1. British allowed army to escape 11. Winter of 1776-1777 1. American Army in Pa. 2. Hessians ( Mercenaries in Trenton, New Jersey) 3. American Army – problems with desertion ( weather- food) 12. Battle of Trenton 1. American Attack out of desperation 2. X-mas day 1776 3. Hessians surrender 4. American Victory 5. Saved the American Army 13. British Plan 1. Plan was to cut the colonies into three parts 2. Gen. Howe went to Phil. 14. Battle of Saratoga 1. Turning point in the war 2. American Vicotry 3. France becomes an Ally ( gained supplies and recruiting) 15. Ben Franklin was in france 1. Signed alliance which equaled money and promises of military aid 2. Franklin is ambassador to France 16. British take Philadelphia 17. Winter of 1777-1778 1. British in Philadelphia 2. American army winters at Valley Forge 3. Washington brings in two officers 1. Nathanial Greene- Lead Quartermaster, brought supplies for Am. Army(food, supplies, shelter, and clothes) 2. Gen. Von Stueben—trained the troops 18. War in the West ( West of the Applachians) 1. George Rogers Clark – hero of the war in the west 2. Battle of Vincennes 1. Americans control the “NW territories” 19. British replace Gen. Howe with Gen. Clinton 20. Privateers –armed American merchant ships 1. Naval Battles 1. America didn’t have a Navy 2. Privateers were privately owned merchant ships with cannons 3. Famous captain – John Paul Jones 21. Guerilla Warfare 1. Hit and run/ be a nuisance 2. Used to cut supply lines 3. Purpose was to keep the British Army busy 22. Francis Marion “swamp Fox” 1. Kept cornwalis in South Carolina fighting 23. Battle of Yorktown 1. Washington traps cornwalis army on a peninsula with help of French Navy (prevented the rescue) 24. Peace Treaty—Treaty of Paris 1. Colonies gained Independence 2. Gained NW territories 3. Gained Florida